Item request has been placed! ×
Item request cannot be made. ×
loading  Processing Request

Evolution of the wealth gap in child development and mediating pathways: Evidence from a longitudinal study in Bogota, Colombia.

Item request has been placed! ×
Item request cannot be made. ×
loading   Processing Request
  • Additional Information
    • Source:
      Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9814574 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1467-7687 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1363755X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Dev Sci Subsets: MEDLINE
    • Publication Information:
      Original Publication: Oxford, UK ; Malden, MA, USA : Wiley-Blackwell, c1998-
    • Subject Terms:
    • Abstract:
      Large gaps in cognition and language on the Bayley-III between the top and bottom household wealth quartiles in 1,330 children aged 6-42 months in a representative sample of low- and middle-income families in Bogota were previously shown. Maternal education and the home environment mediated these wealth effects, whereas height-for-age mediated a small amount of the language deficit only. At ages 6-8 years, we relocated 72% of the children and assessed their IQ on the WISC-V, school achievement, and behavior to investigate the evolution of the wealth gaps and potential mediators. The wealth gap in IQ at 6-8 years was significantly larger than that in a factor combining Bayley-III language and cognition at 6-42 months; whereas the gap in achievement was larger but not significantly. Moreover, in cross-sectional analysis, the IQ gap increased from 6 to 8 years reaching over 1 SD. In contrast, the gap in behavior was not significant in either childhood stage. Parental education and early home environment remained major mediators of the wealth gap in IQ and achievement at 6-8 years; later home environment and attending private education also had an effect; and early height-for-age was no longer significant. The home environment partly mediated the effect of parental education on wealth. All mediators combined explained most of the variance in the wealth gap; the remaining gaps being not significant. Results highlight the importance of the early home environment and suggest that interventions focusing on that should have long-term benefits. Also, continued intervention through to 8 years may be desirable. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/_U53iXNww3I.
      (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
    • References:
      Bayley, N. (2006). Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition: Technical manual. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
      Bernal, R. (2014). Diagnóstico y recomendaciones para la atención de calidad a la primera infancia en Colombia. Bogota. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11445/148.
      Bernal, R., Martínez, M. A., & Quintero, C. (2015). Situación de niñas y niños colombianos menores de cinco años, entre 2010 y 2013. Bogotá: Ediciones Uniandes.
      Black, M. M., Walker, S. P., Fernald, L. C. H., Andersen, C. T., DiGirolamo, A. M., Lu, C., … Grantham-McGregor, S. (2017). Early childhood development coming of age: Science through the life course. The Lancet, 389(10064), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7.
      Bradley, R. H., Caldwell, B. M., Rock, S. L., Hamrick, H. M., & Harris, P. (1988). Home observation for measurement of the environment: Development of a home inventory for use with families having children 6 to 10 years old. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 13(1), 58-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-476X(88)90006-9.
      Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2005). Caring for children around the world: A view from HOME. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(6), 468-478. https://doi.org/10.1177/01650250500146925.
      Britto, P. R., Lye, S. J., Proulx, K., Yousafzai, A. K., Matthews, S. G., Vaivada, T., … Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Nurturing care: Promoting early childhood development. The Lancet, 389(10064), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31390-3.
      Caldwell, B.M., & Bradley, R.H. (2003). HOME Inventory Administration Manual. Comprehensive Edition. (U. of Arkansas, Ed.). Print Design, Little Rock.
      Castaño, L. M. (2017). Colombia en movimiento 2010-2013-2016. Los cambios en la vida de los hogares a través de la Encuesta Longitudinal Colombiana de la Universidad de los Andes (ELCA). Bogota: Universidad de los Andes (Colombia). Facultad de Economía. CEDE. Retrieved from https://encuestalongitudinal.uniandes.edu.co/es/publicaciones/colombia-en-movimiento/2017.
      Chen, J., Hetzner, N., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2010). Growing up in poverty in developed countries. In G. Bremner, & T. D. Wachs (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of infant development (2nd ed., pp. 115-139). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444327588.ch5.
      Dearing, E., & Hamilton, L. C. (2006). Contemporary advances and classic advice for analyzing mediating and moderating variables. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 71(3), 88-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2006.00406.x.
      Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (1981). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - Revised. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
      Dunn, L. M., Padilla, E. R., Lugo, D. E., & Dunn, L. M. (1986). Test de Vocabulario en Imágenes Peabody. Adaptación Hispanoamericana. Minneapolis, MN: NCS Pearson Inc.
      Efron, B. (1982). The Jackknife, the Bootstrap, and Other Resampling Plans. CBMS-NSF Regional Conference Series in Applied Mathematics (Vol. 38). Philadelphia, PA: SIAM: https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611970319.
      ELCA. (2010 & 2013). Retrieved from https://encuestalongitudinal.uniandes.edu.co/es/.
      Engle, P. L., Fernald, L. C. H., Alderman, H., Behrman, J., O'Gara, C., Yousafzai, A., … Iltus, S. (2011). Strategies for reducing inequalities and improving developmental outcomes for young children in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 378(9799), 1339-1353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60889-1.
      Fernald, L. C. H., Kariger, P., Hidrobo, M., & Gertler, P. J. (2012). Socioeconomic gradients in child development in very young children: Evidence from India, Indonesia, Peru, and Senegal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(Suppl. 2), 17273-17280. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1121241109.
      Fernald, L. C. H., Prado, E., Kariger, P., & Raikes, A. (2017). A Toolkit for Measuring Early Childhood Development in Low and Middle-Income Countries. World Bank Working Paper 122031. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
      Fernald, L. C. H., Weber, A., Galasso, E., & Ratsifandrihamanana, L. (2011). Socioeconomic gradients and child development in a very low income population: Evidence from Madagascar. Developmental Science, 14(4), 832-847. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01032.x.
      Galasso, E., Weber, A., & Fernald, L. C. H. (2017). Dynamics of child development: Analysis of a longitudinal cohort in a very low income country. The World Bank Economic Review, lhw065.https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhw065.
      Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581-586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x.
      Grantham-McGregor, S., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., & Strupp, B. (2007). Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. The Lancet, 369(9555), 60-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4.
      Green, C. M., Berkule, S. B., Dreyer, B. P., Fierman, A. H., Huberman, H. S., Klass, P. E., … Mendelsohn, A. L. (2009). Maternal literacy and associations between education and the cognitive home environment in low-income families. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163(9), 832. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.136.
      Hamadani, J. D., Tofail, F., Huda, S. N., Alam, D. S., Ridout, D. A., Attanasio, O., & Grantham-McGregor, S. M. (2014). Cognitive deficit and poverty in the first 5 years of childhood in Bangladesh. Pediatrics, 134(4), e1001-e1008. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0694.
      Kariger, P., Frongillo, E. A., Engle, P., Britto, P. M. R., Sywulka, S. M., & Menon, P. (2012). Indicators of family care for development for use in multicountry surveys. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 30(4), 472-486.
      Leroy, J. L., Gadsden, P., & Guijarro, M. (2011). The impact of daycare programmes on child health, nutrition and development in developing countries : A systematic review. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, Systematic Review, 007, https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2011.639457.
      Lim, S. S., Updike, R. L., Kaldjian, A. S., Barber, R. M., Cowling, K., York, H., … Murray, C. J. L. (2018). Measuring human capital: A systematic analysis of 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016. The Lancet, 392, 1217-1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31941-X.
      Lopez-Boo, F. (2016). Socio-economic status and early childhood cognitive skills: A mediation analysis using the Young Lives panel. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40(6), 500-508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416644689.
      MacKinnon, D. P., Warsi, G., & Dwyer, J. H. (1995). A simulation study of mediated effect measures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 30(1), 41-62. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3001_3.
      Muñoz-Sandoval, A. F., Woodcock, R. W., McGrew, K. S., & Mather, N. (2005). Batería III Woodcock-Muñoz: Pruebas de aprovechamiento. Rolling Meadows, IL: Riverside Publishing.
      Naudeau, S., Martinez, S., Premand, P., & Filmer, D. (2011). Cognitive development among young children in low-income countries. In H. Alderman (Ed.), No small matter. The impact of poverty, shocks and human capital investments in early childhood development (pp. 9-50). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
      Reynolds, S. A., Andersen, C., Behrman, J., Singh, A., Stein, A. D., Benny, L., … Fernald, L. C. H. (2017). Disparities in children’s vocabulary and height in relation to household wealth and parental schooling: A longitudinal study in four low- and middle- income countries. SSM - Population Health, 3(February), 767-786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.08.008.
      Rubio-Codina, M., Araujo, M. C., Attanasio, O., Muñoz, P., & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2016). Concurrent validity and feasibility of short tests currently used to measure early childhood development in large scale studies. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0160962. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160962.
      Rubio-Codina, M., Attanasio, O., & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2016). Mediating pathways in the socio-economic gradient of child development: Evidence from children 6-42 months in Bogota. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40(6), 483-491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025415626515.
      Rubio-Codina, M., Attanasio, O., Meghir, C., Varela, N., & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2015). The socioeconomic gradient of child development: Cross-sectional evidence from children 6-42 months in Bogota. Journal of Human Resources, 50(2), 464-483. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.50.2.464.
      Schady, N. (2011). Parents’ education, mothers’ vocabulary, and cognitive development in early childhood: Longitudinal evidence from Ecuador. American Journal of Public Health, 101(12), 2299-2307. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300253.
      Schady, N., Behrman, J., Araujo, M. C., Azuero, R., Bernal, R., Bravo, D., … Vakis, R. (2015). Wealth gradients in early childhood cognitive development in five Latin American countries. Journal of Human Resources, 50(2), 446-463. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.50.2.446.
      Shonkoff, J. P. (2011). Protecting brains, not simply stimulating minds. Science, 333(6045), 982-983. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206014.
      Walker, S. P., Wachs, T. D., Grantham-McGregor, S., Black, M. M., Nelson, C. A., Huffman, S. L., … Richter, L. (2011). Inequality in early childhood: Risk and protective factors for early child development. The Lancet, 378(9799), 1325-1338. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60555-2.
      Wechsler, D. (2014). WISC-V. Wechsler intelligence scale for children -fifth edition. Bloomington, MN: NCS Pearson Inc.
      Woodcock, R. W., McGrew, K. S., & Mather, N. (2001). Woodcock-Johnson III. Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing.
      World Bank. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/lac-equity-lab1/income-inequality.
      World Health Organization. (1983). Measuring change in nutritional status: Guidelines for assessing the nutritional impact of supplementary feeding programmes for vulnerable groups. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/38768.
    • Contributed Indexing:
      Keywords: child development; early and middle childhood; home environment; mediators; parental education; wealth gaps
    • Publication Date:
      Date Created: 20190212 Date Completed: 20200128 Latest Revision: 20200128
    • Publication Date:
      20240105
    • Accession Number:
      10.1111/desc.12810
    • Accession Number:
      30742349