Creativity and intelligence.

Humans have investigated the nature of intelligence—how to define, measure, and improve it—for as long as there has been philosophy. Plato and Aristotle were fascinated with the concept of intelligence. In the later part of the nineteenth century, working independently, English anthropologist Francis Galton and French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot laid the foundations for psychology’s formal efforts to measure intelligence. Galton invented psychometrics, the principles and procedures used in testing and measurement, and differential psychology, the study of individual differences; Charcot bridged the relationship between people's physiological and psychological components.