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Green synthesis of antimicrobial alginate/hydroxyethyl cellulose hydrogels crosslinked by Ca2+ and dual Ca2+/Mg2.

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  • Additional Information
    • Source:
      Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101563288 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2045-2322 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20452322 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Rep Subsets: MEDLINE
    • Publication Information:
      Original Publication: London : Nature Publishing Group, copyright 2011-
    • Subject Terms:
      Alginates*/chemistry ; Hydrogels*/chemistry ; Hydrogels*/chemical synthesis ; Hydrogels*/pharmacology ; Cellulose*/analogs & derivatives ; Cellulose*/chemistry ; Calcium*/chemistry ; Magnesium*/chemistry ; Anti-Infective Agents*/pharmacology ; Anti-Infective Agents*/chemistry ; Anti-Infective Agents*/chemical synthesis ; Green Chemistry Technology*; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Silver/chemistry ; Glucuronic Acid/chemistry ; Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
    • Abstract:
      Eco-friendly antimicrobial hydrogels derived from carbohydrate polymers are receiving significant attention for their sustainable and cost-effective properties. This study focuses on developing antimicrobial hydrogels based on alginate and hydroxyethyl cellulose (SA/HEC) using a green chemistry approach. The impact of bivalent metal ions on cross-linking efficiency and the hydrogels' physicochemical properties were analyzed, with hydrogels produced in various forms, such as beads, sponges, and films, characterized by SEM, XRD, TGA, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Calcium (Ca2⁺), magnesium (Mg2⁺), and Ca2⁺/Mg2⁺ combinations were explored, revealing that Ca2⁺ and Ca2⁺/Mg2⁺ combinations demonstrated excellent cross-linking efficiency, while Mg2⁺ alone was insufficient for cross-linking. However, adding small amounts of Ca2⁺ improved Mg2⁺ cross-linking capacity, yielding stable SA/HEC hydrogels. Beads exhibited porous structures (2-20 µm), and films with a thickness of ~ 150 µm were produced, showcasing strong mechanical and thermal stability. Additionally, in-situ synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) within SA/HEC hydrogels exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and fungal strains Candida albicans ATCC 14053 and Candida krusei ATCC 6258. This study successfully demonstrates a green chemistry method to synthesize water-insoluble hydrogels cross-linked with Ca2⁺/Mg2⁺ ions with inherent antimicrobial properties.
      (© 2025. The Author(s).)
    • Abstract:
      Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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    • Grant Information:
      MOHERI/SRPP/MOAFWR/1/2023 TRC-The research council OMAN
    • Contributed Indexing:
      Keywords: Anti-microbial properties; Bivalent cations; Co-crosslinking; Hydroxyethyl cellulose; Scaffolds; Sodium alginate
    • Accession Number:
      0 (Alginates)
      0 (Hydrogels)
      9004-34-6 (Cellulose)
      SY7Q814VUP (Calcium)
      I38ZP9992A (Magnesium)
      0 (Anti-Infective Agents)
      9004-62-0 (hydroxyethylcellulose)
      3M4G523W1G (Silver)
      8A5D83Q4RW (Glucuronic Acid)
      0 (Cross-Linking Reagents)
    • Publication Date:
      Date Created: 20250926 Date Completed: 20250927 Latest Revision: 20250929
    • Publication Date:
      20260130
    • Accession Number:
      PMC12475284
    • Accession Number:
      10.1038/s41598-025-18040-8
    • Accession Number:
      41006621