Novel Hybrid Heterocycles Based on 1,4-Diphenylpiperazine Moiety: Synthesis via Hantzsch and Biginelli Reactions, Molecular Docking Simulation, and Antimicrobial Activities

In this study, we have developed new hybrid compounds by connecting bis-heterocycles with the 1,4-diphenylpiperazine core. This is performed by combining 4,4′-(piperazine-1,4-diyl)dibenzaldehyde with the necessary reagents via Hantzsch and Biginelli reactions. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds are determined by elemental analysis, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, IR, and mass spectrometry (MS) spectra. The antimicrobial activities of the tested compounds were evaluated. Compounds 10 and 39 exhibited notable antibacterial effects, whereas compound 15 showed antifungal activity, and compound 34 demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal properties. Molecular docking studies against tyrosinase (UniProt ID: P06845.TYRO_STRGA) revealed that compounds 10 and 39 achieved the highest binding affinity (Δ G = – 9.1 kcal/mol), forming 12 and 3 interactions, respectively.