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Income Inequality and Obesity among US Adults 1999-2016: Does Sex Matter?

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  • Author(s): Zare H;Zare H;Zare H; Gaskin DD; Gaskin DD; Thorpe RJ Jr; Thorpe RJ Jr
  • Source:
    International journal of environmental research and public health [Int J Environ Res Public Health] 2021 Jul 02; Vol. 18 (13). Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Jul 02.
  • Publication Type:
    Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Language:
    English
  • Additional Information
    • Source:
      Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101238455 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1660-4601 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16604601 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Environ Res Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE
    • Publication Information:
      Original Publication: Basel : MDPI, c2004-
    • Subject Terms:
      Income* ; Poverty*; Adult ; Ethnicity ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United States/epidemiology ; Young Adult
    • Abstract:
      Obesity is a major public health problem that varies by income and sex, yet there is little evidence to determine the association between income inequality and obesity. We examined the association between income and obesity in adults ages 20 years and older and tested whether this relationship differs by sex in the United States. We used the 1999-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We defined obesity if the body mass index was ≥30 kg/m 2 , and calculated the Gini coefficient (GC) to measure income inequality by using the Poverty Income Ratio. We examined the association between income and obesity using a Modified Poisson regression in a sample of 36,665 adults. We adjusted the models according to age, racial/ethnic groups, marital status, education, health behaviors, health insurance, self-reported health, and household structure. The association between income and obesity was consistently more significant among middle-income quintile and higher-income quintile men than among lower-income quintile men. The same association was not found for women; women in the highest income quintile were less likely to suffer from obesity than among lower-income quintile women. Our results suggest that policymakers should consider strategies to reduce structural inequality and encourage access to healthy foods and community-supported agricultural programs as nutritional interventions in low-income population settings.
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    • Grant Information:
      NIMHD U54MD000214 United States MD NIMHD NIH HHS; 1R25HL126145 United States HL NHLBI NIH HHS; HH¬SN268201800012I United States HL NHLBI NIH HHS
    • Contributed Indexing:
      Keywords: Gini coefficient; income inequality; obesity
    • Publication Date:
      Date Created: 20210720 Date Completed: 20210802 Latest Revision: 20240402
    • Publication Date:
      20240402
    • Accession Number:
      PMC8297230
    • Accession Number:
      10.3390/ijerph18137079
    • Accession Number:
      34281016