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Cardiorespiratory demands of firearms training instruction and 15m shuttle tests in British law enforcement.

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  • Author(s): Warwick J;Warwick J; Cooper S; Cooper S; Ronca F; Ronca F
  • Source:
    PloS one [PLoS One] 2025 Jan 13; Vol. 20 (1), pp. e0300161. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jan 13 (Print Publication: 2025).
  • Publication Type:
    Journal Article
  • Language:
    English
  • Additional Information
    • Source:
      Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101285081 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1932-6203 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19326203 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS One Subsets: MEDLINE
    • Publication Information:
      Original Publication: San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
    • Subject Terms:
      Firearms* ; Exercise Test*/methods ; Cardiorespiratory Fitness*/physiology ; Law Enforcement*; Humans ; Oxygen Consumption/physiology ; Male ; Heart Rate/physiology ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Female ; United Kingdom ; Police/education ; Physical Fitness
    • Abstract:
      Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
      Objectives: Law enforcement agencies require minimum fitness standards to safeguard their officers and training staff. Firearms instructors (FI) are expected to maintain the same standards as their operational counterparts. This study aimed to quantify the daily physiological demands placed on FI.
      Methods: 19 FI (45 ± 5 years) completed occupational tasks whilst wearing heart rate (HR) monitors for a minimum 10 days. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) testing was conducted on FI during a treadmill test (TT) and a multistage shuttle test (ST). Linear regression models were used to model the relationship between VO2 and HR throughout the TT. This model was applied to HR data from occupational tasks to infer oxygen consumption. Repeated Measures ANOVAs were used to compare time spent in VO2max equivalent zones throughout.
      Results: The VO2max achieved during ST (45.1 ± 5.6 ml/kg/min) was significantly higher than TT (39 ± 3 ml/kg/min) (p = 0.014). Time to exhaustion (TTE) was sooner on ST (06:26 min) compared to TT (13:16 min) (p < .001). FI spent ~85% of occupational time with an oxygen demand ≤20 ml/kg/min (p < .005). The most intense occupational tasks saw FI achieve VO2max ≥30 ml/kg/min, but <40 ml/kg/min.
      Conclusion: Using ST to assess cardiorespiratory fitness resulted in a quicker TTE and a higher VO2max. Predominantly, FI occupational tasks are low intensity with sporadic exposures requiring a VO2max of >40 ml/kg/min. To safeguard FI from occupational-related cardiorespiratory or long-term health issues, it is intuitive to suggest fitness standards should exceed a VO2max of 40 ml/kg/min.
      (Copyright: © 2025 Warwick et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
    • Comments:
      Erratum in: PLoS One. 2025 Apr 1;20(4):e0321693. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0321693.. (PMID: 40168447)
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    • Publication Date:
      Date Created: 20250113 Date Completed: 20250501 Latest Revision: 20250501
    • Publication Date:
      20250501
    • Accession Number:
      PMC11730426
    • Accession Number:
      10.1371/journal.pone.0300161
    • Accession Number:
      39804830