Smart Healthcare at Home: A Review of AI-Enabled Wearables and Diagnostics Through the Lens of the Pi-CON Methodology.

Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101204366 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1424-8220 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14248220 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sensors (Basel) Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, c2000-

Wearable Electronic Devices* ; Artificial Intelligence* ; Home Care Services*; Humans ; Monitoring, Physiologic/methods ; Telemedicine

The rapid growth of AI-enabled medical wearables and home-based diagnostic devices has opened new pathways for preventive care, chronic disease management and user-driven health insights. Despite significant technological progress, many solutions face adoption hurdles, often due to usability challenges, episodic measurements and poor alignment with daily life. This review surveys the current landscape of at-home healthcare technologies, including wearable vital sign monitors, digital diagnostics and body composition assessment tools. We synthesize insights from the existing literature for this narrative review, highlighting strengths and limitations in sensing accuracy, user experience and integration into daily health routines. Special attention is given to the role of AI in enabling real-time insights, adaptive feedback and predictive monitoring across these devices. To examine persistent adoption challenges from a user-centered perspective, we reflect on the Pi-CON methodology, a conceptual framework previously introduced to stimulate discussion around passive, non-contact, and continuous data acquisition. While Pi-CON is highlighted as a representative methodology, recent external studies in multimodal sensing, RFID-based monitoring, and wearable-ambient integration confirm the broader feasibility of unobtrusive, passive, and continuous health monitoring in real-world environments. We conclude with strategic recommendations to guide the development of more accessible, intelligent and user-aligned smart healthcare solutions.

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Keywords: AI; AI-enabled healthcare; FDA; IoT-enabled devices; Pi-CON methodology; body composition; remote patient monitoring; usability; virtual care; wearables

Date Created: 20251016 Date Completed: 20251016 Latest Revision: 20251019

20251019

PMC12526596

10.3390/s25196067

41094888