The choice of corporate social responsibility strategies under rivalry: Whether to increase socially responsible product characteristics or enhance relationship with buyers.

Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101285081 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1932-6203 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19326203 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS One Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science

Social Responsibility* ; Choice Behavior* ; Commerce*; Humans ; Game Theory

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) theory emphasizes both CSR characteristics in products and CSR activities to enhance relationships with buyers. However, there are theoretical gaps regarding the factors that influence firms' CSR strategy choices in a competitive setting. This study develops a biform game model to study the trade-off between product-oriented strategies and relationship-oriented CSR strategies. The model demonstrates that factors such as information asymmetry, product value, market segment size, transaction costs, bargaining power, and other market conditions significantly influence firms' CSR strategies. It identifies conditions under which strategic heterogeneity, strategic homogeneity, and a parameter space with multiple strategic heterogeneity equilibria can exist. When the value derived from product- and relationship-oriented strategies is significantly high, firms tend to adopt these respective strategies. In a low information asymmetry context, firms with lower bargaining power are more likely to choose a relationship-oriented strategy, whereas in a high information asymmetry context, these firms are inclined to adopt a product-oriented strategy. Regardless of the level of information asymmetry, firms with larger market scales tend to favor a product-oriented strategy. Additionally, the model integrates the synergy between business strategy and CSR strategy, which further shapes the trade-offs firms encounter in their CSR strategy choices. This study offers new insights into CSR strategy choices and the resulting market outcomes in competitive environments.
(Copyright: © 2026 Xiaoyang Zhao. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Date Created: 20260304 Date Completed: 20260306 Latest Revision: 20260306

20260307

PMC12959669

10.1371/journal.pone.0343679

41779830