Temperature.

Quantification of temperature is necessary for many reasons, including scientific experiments, weather prediction, and many manufacturing processes. Temperature, by its formal definition, measures the movement of molecules in an object. Greater movement results in higher temperatures; conversely, less movement results in lower temperatures. The byproduct is heat, so temperature is often thought to measure the heat of an object. Mathematicians, many of whom are also physicists, have made significant contributions in quantifying heat and developing the temperature scales widely used in the twenty-first century.