Islamic Golden Age.

The Islamic Golden age refers to a time ranging from 622 C.E. to 1258 C.E., during which the Middle East made incredible advances in mathematics, philosophy, science, and medicine under the rule of various Islamic leaders. Several Middle Eastern cities, including Baghdad, Jerusalem, and Cairo became intellectual and cultural centers affluent and influential enough to rival Rome. The Islamic Golden Age was brought to an end by repeated crusades from the Christian Byzantine Empire, a crushing defeat by the Mongolians, and from infighting between the religious and political leaders of the time.