Abstract: Oncolytic virotherapy is emerging as a promising therapeutic avenue for cancer treatment, harnessing both innate and tumor-specific immune responses for targeted tumor elimination. In this study, we present a novel oncolytic virus (oHSV1-IL15B) derived from herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), armed with IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, with a focus on treating colon cancer combined with oncolytic HSV-1 expressing anti-PD-1 antibody (oHSV1-aPD1). Results from our study reveal that recombinant oHSV-1 virus equipped with IL-15/IL-15Rα complex exhibited significant anti-tumor effects in a murine CT26 colon adenocarcinoma model. Notably, oHSV1-IL15B combined with oHSV-1-aPD1 demonstrates superior tumor inhibition and prolonged overall survival compared to oHSV1-mock and monotherapy groups. Further exploration highlights the impact of oHSV1-IL15B, oHSV-1-aPD1 and combined group on antitumor capacity, revealing a substantial increase in CD8+ T and CD4+ T cell proportions of CT26-bearing BALB/c mice and promoting apoptosis in tumor tissue. The study emphasizes the pivotal role of cytotoxic CD8+T cells in oncolytic virotherapy, demonstrating that recombinant oHSV1-IL15B combined with oncolytic HSV-1-aPD1 induces a robust tumor-specific T cell response. RNA sequence analysis highlighted oHSV1-IL15B combined with oHSV1-aPD1 improved tumors immune microenvironment on immune response, antiviral response-related genes and apoptosis-related genes, which contributed to anti-tumor immunotherapy. The findings underscore the promising antitumor activity achieved through the combination of IL-15/IL-15Rα complex and anti-PD-1 antibody with oHSV-1. This research opens avenues for diverse therapeutic strategies, suggesting the potential of synergistically utilizing cytokines and anti-PD-1 antibody with oncolytic viruses to enhance immunotherapy for cancer management.
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