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Longitudinal Evaluation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 T-Cell Immunity Over 2 Years Following Vaccination and Infection

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  • Additional Information
    • Publication Information:
      Oxford University Press (OUP), 2024.
    • Publication Date:
      2024
    • Abstract:
      Background Within a year of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, vaccines inducing a robust humoral and cellular immune response were implemented worldwide. However, emergence of novel variants and waning vaccine-induced immunity led to implementation of additional vaccine boosters. Methods This prospective study evaluated the temporal profile of cellular and serological responses in a cohort of 639 SARS-CoV-2–vaccinated participants, of whom a large proportion experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection. All participants were infection naïve at the time of their first vaccine dose. Proportions of SARS-CoV-2 spike–specific T cells were determined after each vaccine dose using the activation-induced marker assay, while levels of circulating SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were determined by the Meso Scale serology assay. Results We found a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 spike–specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses following the third dose of a SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccine as well as enhanced CD8+ T-cell responses after the fourth dose. Furthermore, increased age was associated with a poorer response. Finally, we observed that SARS-CoV-2 infection boosts both the cellular and humoral immune response, relative to vaccine-induced immunity alone. Conclusions Our findings highlight the boosting effect on T-cell immunity of repeated vaccine administration. The combination of multiple vaccine doses and SARS-CoV-2 infections maintains population T-cell immunity, although with reduced levels in the elderly.
    • File Description:
      application/pdf
    • ISSN:
      1537-6613
      0022-1899
    • Accession Number:
      10.1093/infdis/jiae215
    • Rights:
      CC BY NC ND
      URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.
    • Accession Number:
      edsair.doi.dedup.....cc2201b63a6e6fbf42cc5f58c4fcf592