Portuguese gym-goers versus performance enhancing substances: what do we know?

The use of prohibited performance-enhancing substances (PES) in gyms is a public health concern due to emerging adverse health effects. While psychological and social factors (intentions, attitudes, and beliefs) influencing PES use are known, understanding reasons for non-use is crucial. Demographic factors like being male, having less education, being unemployed, training frequently, and bodybuilding are linked to PES use. The study aims to identify the profile of gym-goers who do not use PES to distinguish risk characteristics from preventive ones.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion