Prezgodnji porod kot dejavnik tveganja za razvoj poporodne depresije

Uvod: Prezgodnje rojstvo je Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija opredelila kot porod pred dopolnjenim 37. tednom nosečnosti. Matere postanejo v poporodnem obdobju zelo ranljive za različne duševne motnje. Poporodna depresija je definirana kot velika depresivna motnja, ki se pojavi v enem mesecu po porodu in se kaže z depresivnim razpoloženjem ali izgubo zanimanja oziroma užitka v dejavnostih, izgubo energije, občutki ničvrednosti ali krivde, motnjami spanja, zmanjšano koncentracijo in samomorilnimi mislimi. Namen: Opredeliti vpliv prezgodnjega rojstva otroka na duševno zdravje mater. Metode dela: V diplomskem delu je bila uporabljena deskriptivna metoda dela. Izveden je bil pregled strokovnih in izvirnih znanstvenih člankov. Ustrezna literatura je bila iskana v podatkovnih bazah CINAHL, ScienceDirect in COBIB ter brskalnikih PubMed in DiKUL. Rezultati: Stopnje poporodne depresije so višje pri materah prezgodaj rojenih otrok, ki so dolgotrajno hospitalizirani na oddelku za intenzivno nego novorojencev. Hospitalizacija prezgodaj rojenega otroka veliki večini mater povzroča tesnobo, nemoč in strah za njegovo prihodnost. V družino usmerjena skrb lahko pomaga zmanjšati vpliv psihičnega bremena prezgodnjega rojstva otroka na družino in ima dolgoročne prednosti. Stik kože na kožo omogoča več neposrednega fizičnega kontakta med mamo in prezgodaj rojenim otrokom ter posledično boljše prilagajanje na okolje intenzivne terapije. Očetova vključenost v enoti intenzivne terapije pomeni potencialno metodo za ublažitev simptomov poporodne depresije pri materah. Razprava in zaključek: Poporodna depresija velja za resno motnjo razpoloženja, ki ne sme biti prezrta. Izvajalci zdravstvene nege imajo pri preprečevanju in zgodnjem odkrivanju poporodne depresije vodilno vlogo. Pri prepoznavanju čustvene stiske morajo imeti dobre komunikacijske spretnosti in sposobnost aktivnega poslušanja z refleksijo. Odgovornost izvajalcev zdravstvene nege je pravočasno prepoznavanje potreb obeh staršev in ne le osredotočanje na zdravstveno stanje prezgodaj rojenega otroka. Introduction: The World Health Organization defines premature birth as childbirth before the completed 37th week of pregnancy. In the postpartum period mothers become very vulnerable to various mental disorders. Postpartum depression is defined as a major depressive disorder that occurs within one month of childbirth and is manifested by depressed mood, loss of interest tor enjoyment in activities, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness and/or guilt, sleep disorder, decreased concentration and suicidal thoughts. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to define the impact of premature birth on the maternal mental health. Methods: A descriptive method of work was used in thesis based on review of scientific articles found in CINAHL, ScienceDirect and COBIB databases, as well as PubMed and DiKUL browsers. Results: Rates of postpartum depression are higher in mothers of preterm infants, who are hospitalized for longer period in the neonatal intensive care unit. For the vast majority of mothers, infant hospitalization causes anxiety, sense of helplessness and fear for the baby's future. Family-centered care can help reduce the impact of preterm birth on the family and has long-term benefits. Skin-to-skin contact allows for more direct physical contact between mother and preterm infant and, consequently, better adaptation to the intensive care environment. Father's involvement in the intensive care unit represents a potential method for reducing the symptoms of postpartum depression in mothers. Discussion and conclusion: Postpartum depression is considered a serious mood disorder that should not be overlooked. Nursing providers play a crucial role in early detection and prevention of postpartum depression. In recognizing emotional distress, nursing provider must have good communication skills and the ability to actively listen with reflection. It is the responsibility of nurses to identify the needs of both parents in a timely manner and not just focus on the health of the preterm infant.