Model 2—Sleep quality on an indirect path between pain severity and emotional distress.

N = 468. Rectangles represent observed variables and ovals represent latent variables. All values are standardized coefficients, except for values near variables, which are squared multiple correlations. Error terms of variables are depicted as e1-e16. Control variables (age, gender, ethnicity, employment and marital status, educational level, perceived health, taking sleep medications, taking non-sleep medications and history of sleep disorders) are not depicted to support visual clarity. For sleep quality and sleep hygiene higher scores indicate poorer sleep quality/sleep hygiene.