Abstract: This chapter provides preliminaries and essential definitions in optimization, meta-heuristics, and swarm intelligence. It starts with different components of optimization problems, formulations, and categories. Conventional and recent optimization algorithms to optimize such problems are then discussed. The chapter is finished by focusing on meta-heuristics and swarm intelligence algorithms as the emerging and most widely used optimization algorithms lately in both science and industry. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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