Abstract: International audience ; The thermal runaway behavior of lithium-ion batteries is a critical area of research due to the complex thermal propagation phenomena involved. These phenomena include internal heat generation from exothermic reactions leading to the ejection of substantial amounts of combustible gases and condensed particles (solid and liquid) during venting. This study develops a transient 3D model using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach considering the coupling between internal heat generation and the venting process. The model incorporates internal heat generation, combustion heat, and heat transfer with the surroundings through vented material. Solid particles are modeled via a Lagrangian interaction with the gas phase. The model was validated against 18650 lithium-ion batteries with Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) cathodes in two configurations: a closed vessel and an open-end vessel. For the closed vessel, the model accurately predicted energy releases between 23 kJ and 77 kJ across states of charge from 15% to 100%, with a relative error of less than 9%. For the open-end vessel, the model captured temperature distributions at various distances from the cell, showing good agreement with experimental data. These results illustrate the model’s capability to predict key parameters of thermal runaway events under varying containment conditions.
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