Enhancing climate-smart agriculture: stakeholder contributions and cooperation in establishing a policy environment in developing countries

The role of stakeholders in the agricultural climate adaptation and mitigation is well documented, yet there is insufficient guidance for future actions in establishing a policy environment for climate-smart agriculture (CSA). This study investigates the impact of stakeholders on establishing a CSA policy environment. Utilizing an ordered probit model on cross-sectional data, the findings reveal that stakeholder cooperation is more influential than individual stakeholder groups in establishing a CSA policy environment. Specifically, a multilateral partnership between the government, farmers’ networks, and research institutes is identified as an effective cooperative model. Based on these findings, policymakers could prioritize cooperation among these key stakeholders as the foundation for future collaborative efforts in CSA policy development. Policymakers should improve and strengthen coordination mechanisms among stakeholders for building coherent, context-responsive CSA policy environments Multilateral partnerships, particularly among government agencies, farmers' networks, and research institutes, should be promoted to establish a robust CSA policy environment. Inclusive policy formulation processes that involve all relevant stakeholders are crucial for creating comprehensive and effective CSA policies that address diverse needs and constraints. Capacity-building programmes for local institutions, such as farmers' networks and NGOs, are essential to enhance their effectiveness in CSA initiatives. Financial institutions and international development partners should be engaged through targeted policies to maximize their financial and technical contributions. Policymakers should improve and strengthen coordination mechanisms among stakeholders for building coherent, context-responsive CSA policy environments Multilateral partnerships, particularly among government agencies, farmers' networks, and research institutes, should be promoted to establish a robust CSA policy environment. Inclusive policy formulation ...