Regulation of autophagy/signaling pathways: In vitro studies.

(A) AMPK, p-AMPK, m-TORC1, NF-κB and TGF-β western blotting data in untreated mdx muscle cells (mdxC), mdx muscle cells treated with Idebenone (mdxI); mdx muscle cells treated with LEDT (mdxL) and mdx muscle cells treated with Idebenone and LEDT (mdxL+I). (B) AMPK; (C) p-AMPK; (D) m-TORC1; (E) NF- κB; and (F) TGF-β graphs from mdxC, mdxI, mdxL and mdxL+I groups. Loading control: β-actin. All data are expressed by mean±SD and the experiments were carried out in triplicate. *P< 0.05 versus mdxC; **P< 0.01 versus mdxC; ***P< 0.001 versus mdxC; # P< 0.05 versus mdxI; # # # P< 0.001 versus mdxI; # # # P< 0.001 versus mdxI; † P< 0.05 versus mdxL. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post test was used for statistical analysis.