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A carbon cycling model shows strong control of seasonality and importance of sponges on the functioning of a northern Red Sea coral reef

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  • Additional Information
    • Contributors:
      Red Sea Research Center (RSRC); Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division; Arcadis Nederland B.V, Beaulieustraat 22, 6814 DV, Arnhem, The Netherlands; Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Marine Ecology Department, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Yerseke, The Netherlands; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Department of Integrative Marine Ecology (EMI), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn – National Institute of Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Genoa Marine Centre, Genoa, Italy; Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany; MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; School of Basic and Marine Sciences, The University of Jordan, Aqaba Branch, P.O. Box 2595, Aqaba, 77110, Jordan; School of Basic and Marine Sciences, The University of Jordan, Aqaba Branch, Aqaba, Jordan
    • Publication Information:
      Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    • Publication Date:
      2023
    • Collection:
      King Abdullah University of Science and Technology: KAUST Repository
    • Abstract:
      Coral reefs in the northern Red Sea experience strong seasonality. This affects reef carbon (C) cycling, but ecosystem-wide quantification of C fluxes in such reefs is limited. This study quantified seasonal reef community C fluxes with incubations. Resulting data were then incorporated into seasonal linear inverse models (LIM). For spring, additional sponge incubation results allowed for unique assessment of the contribution of sponges to C cycling. The coral reef ecosystem was heterotrophic throughout all seasons as gross community primary production (GPP; 136–200, range of seasonal means in mmol C m−2 d−1) was less than community respiration (R; 192–279), and balanced by import of organic carbon (52–100), 88‒92% of which being dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Hard coral GPP (74–110) and R (100–137), as well as pelagic bacteria DOC uptake (58–101) and R (42–86), were the largest C fluxes across seasons. The ecosystem was least heterotrophic in spring (highest irradiance) (GPP:R 0.81), but most heterotrophic in summer and fall with higher water temperatures (0.68 and 0.60, respectively). Adding the sponge community to the model increased community R (247 ± 8 without to 353 ± 13 with sponges (mean ± SD)). Sponges balanced this demand primarily with DOC uptake (105 ± 6, 97% by cryptic sponges). This rate is comparable to the uptake of DOC by pelagic bacteria (104 ± 5) placing the cryptic sponges among the dominant C cycling groups in the reef. ; This study was funded by German Research Foundation Grant Wi 2677/6-1 to CW and the European Research Council (ERC starting Grant agreement #715513 to JMdG). VNB was funded by a stipend of “Evangelisches Studienwerk Villigst e.V.”. We would like to thank S. Basyoni and S. Helber for assistance in the field, as well as C. Staschok, M. Birkicht, and D. Dasbach for field work preparation and sample analyses, and R. M. van der Ven for proofreading the manuscript.
    • File Description:
      application/pdf; application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document
    • ISSN:
      1432-0975
      0722-4028
    • Relation:
      https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00338-022-02339-3; van Hoytema, N., de Goeij, J. M., Kornder, N. A., El-Khaled, Y., van Oevelen, D., Rix, L., Cardini, U., Bednarz, V. N., Naumann, M. S., Al-Horani, F. A., & Wild, C. (2023). A carbon cycling model shows strong control of seasonality and importance of sponges on the functioning of a northern Red Sea coral reef. Coral Reefs. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02339-3; 2-s2.0-85146759048; Coral Reefs; http://hdl.handle.net/10754/687818
    • Accession Number:
      10.1007/s00338-022-02339-3
    • Online Access:
      http://hdl.handle.net/10754/687818
      https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02339-3
    • Rights:
      Archived with thanks to Coral Reefs under a Creative Commons license, details at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 ; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
    • Accession Number:
      edsbas.EA60A230