Complex physicochemical analysis of transformer oil parameters using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique

Introduction. Transformers are crucial and expensive components of power systems, experiencing electrical, thermal, and chemical stresses. Transformer oil analysis is important for diagnosing transformer faults and assessing its remaining service life. The oil used in transformers degrades over time due to its interaction with electrical loads and heat from the core and windings. The oil degrades into low-molecular gases and carbon particles, which affect its dielectric properties and indicate potential problems. Analysis of dissolved gases in oil allows early detection of defects such as corona or arc discharges, as well as overheating. In addition, analysis of metal content in oil helps to clarify the type and location of the fault identified by gas analysis. Novelty of the proposed work lies in the study of the relationship between transformer oil parameters and its quality, as well as the effect of dissolved gases. The article proposes a method for determining how changes in these parameters affect each other. The obtained data are compared with the results of mass spectrometric analysis for a more accurate assessment of the transformer condition. The purpose of this paper is to explore the connection between the chemical properties of transformer oil and the elemental composition determined through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Methods. The solution to the problem was carried out using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method from Agilent Technologies 7700e (USA) to measure the concentration of metals in transformer oil. Results. An inverse correlation has been identified between the acidity of transformer oil and its furfural content. Experimental evidence has shown that the water content has the most significant impact on decreasing the breakdown voltage of dielectric oil. It was found that CO gas has the greatest influence on the formation of furfural. It has been established that gaseous C2H2 plays an important role in the formation of acidic components. Correlations were found between the oil acidity and the concentrations of copper and iron and between the breakdown voltage and the amount of lead and aluminium in the transformer oil. A high concentration of copper in the oil indicates potential issues with the transformer windings, as well as in any bronze or brass components, and the concentration of iron in significant quantities indicates problems with the transformer core and tank. Moreover, as the breakdown voltage of the oil decreases, there is a marked increase in the concentrations of lead and aluminum. This suggests that significant amounts of lead are found in the transformer solder joints, while aluminum is present in the windings and ceramic bushings. Practical value. The advantage of the mass spectrometric method for detecting metals in transformer oils is the ability to accurately determine the type of fault and diagnose transformer problems. Research shows that this method allows early detection of potential problems and predicts the condition of the transformer. References 21, table 2, figures 8.