Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative arthropathy, impacting the quality of life for millions worldwide. It typically presents with chronic pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility in the affected joints. Nonsurgical treatments like physiotherapy or pharmacotherapy may provide limited relief and may have adverse effects and complications. Recently, low-dose radiation therapy (LDRT) has emerged as a potential alternative for managing OA, utilizing its anti-inflammatory effects. LDRT's anti-inflammatory effects involve modulating immune responses, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inducing apoptosis in inflammatory cells. Clinical studies show varying degrees of symptom relief, with some patients experiencing pain reduction and improved joint mobility while others show minimal response. The variability in LDRT treatment designs, radiation dosages, and patient populations complicates standardized treatment protocols and raises concerns about potential carcinogenic risks. Despite these issues, LDRT shows promise as an alternative to other OA treatments, especially for patients who don't respond to other treatments. This review aims to provide updated information on the effectiveness, mechanisms, and safety of LDRT in treating OA. We reviewed the literature of studies on the safety and efficacy of LDRT on affected joints by OA, its biological effects, potential therapeutic and adverse effects, application and contraindications, clinical outcomes, and clinical evidence in subjects with OA.
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