Abstract: Introduction: Oral mucositis is a common adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, characterized by erythematous lesions, edema, ulceration, atrophy, or even hemorrhage. Current evidence highlights the complexity of its management and the importance of tailoring therapeutic approaches to the individual patient profile in order to improve quality of life during cancer treatment. Objectives: To access the efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy- and/or radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Materials and Methods: A systematic review with meta-analysis of 27 articles published between 2019 and 2024 was also performed, aiming to characterize and contextualize therapeutic interventions for oral mucositis. Results and Discussion: This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that various nonpharmacological interventions (such as cryotherapy and photobiomodulation) and pharmacological interventions, particularly natural agents (such as honey, curcumin, green tea), are effective for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis. Conclusion: Oral mucositis is a highly prevalent adverse effect in patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, with significant functional, nutritional, and treatment adherence implications. The systematic review with meta-analysis demonstrated the efficacy of non-pharmacological and natural interventions.
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