Telomere maintenance mechanisms in neuroblastoma: New insights and translational implications

The clinical behaviour of neuroblastoma ranges from spontaneous tumour regression or maturation into benign ganglioneuroma to fatal progression despite intensive treatment [1,2]. The mechanisms underlying the distinct phenotypes have remained uncertain yet. A number of recent studies noticed that activation of telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMM) in the malignant neuroblasts is strongly associated with high-risk disease and poor outcome, whereas TMM are absent in spontaneously regressing low-risk tumours, suggesting that telomere maintenance is essential to drive neuroblasts into the fully malignant state. Stabilization of the telomeres above a critical threshold is essential for cancer cells to gain replicative immortality and has thus been considered a hallmark of cancer [3]. In most high-risk neuroblastomas, TMM is conferred by induction of telomerase, either through genomic rearrangements of the TERT locus, encoding for the catalytic subunit of telomerase, or amplification of the MYCN proto-oncogene, whereas the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway is activated in approximately one-quarter of high-risk tumours [4–8]. We here review recent advances on our understanding of the mechanistic role of telomere maintenance in neuroblastoma pathogenesis, and discuss potential implications on neuroblastoma risk assessment and on the development of novel therapies directed against TMM.