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Power relations and persistent low fertility among domestic workers in Latin America

• Authors : Castro Torres, Andrés F.; Gutierrez-Vazquez, Edith Y.

Subjects: Domestic work; Fertility; Latin America

• Source: Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UABUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaThe Sociological Review

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Implementation of international standards in trade regulation by the state: STARS International University 31 Abstract: Free trade policy (or free trade in English) appeared in the second half of the 18th century as a phenomenon of economic life. In its theoretical foundation, A. Smith’s famous work - “The nature and causes of the wealth of nations” became decisive. The theory of free trade was developed by another English economist. It was developed and almost completed in the works of Ricardo. Key words: regulation , fiscal, incentive, protectionist The foreign trade policy of any country is considered an important component of the government general economic direction, and in a narrower sense, it is one of the areas of budget-tax activity related to the regulation of the volume, composition and geographical direction of export-import commodity flows. Since the foreign trade policy is inextricably linked with the internal aspects of economic development, its main task is to create favorable external economic conditions necessary for expanded domestic reproduction and an increase of national wealth. Free trade policy (or free trade in English) appeared in the second half of the 18th century as a phenomenon of economic life. In its theoretical foundation, A. Smith’s famous work - “The nature and causes of the wealth of nations” became decisive. The theory of free trade was developed by another English economist. It was developed and almost completed in the works of Ricardo. D. Ricardo developed Adam Smith’s ideas about the importance of free enterprise in a competitive environment and the role of the state as the “night watchman” of society, leaving the country’s economy under the rule of the “invisible hand”, that is, at the discretion of the self-regulating laws of the market. Classic examples of free trade policy can be observed in the economy of the Anglo-Saxon countries of the second half of the 19th century, especially Great Britain and its dominions (states that were part of Great Britain until 1947 and were formally independent). Until now, there is not a single country left where the state has the classic form of the free trade system. This is self-explanatory, of course, given the significant increase in the role of the state in regulating influential organizations. However, the elements of free trade policy are still visible in the economic course of many countries, especially in developing countries that are small in terms of territory and resources, such as Singapore. In economic theory, free trade is usually contrasted with the policy MADIEV FARRUKH teacher Samarkand State University of architecture and construction,E-mail: djfmfarruh@gmail.com IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS IN TRADE REGULATION BY THE STATE https://doi.org/10.47689/STARS.univer-s i t y - 5 - p p 2 9 - 3 2 «Yangi O‘zbekiston: Moliyaviy hisobotning xalqaro standartlarini joriy etishda muvaffaqiyatli xalqaro tajriba» 16 dekabr, 2022 yil. 32 of protectionism, that is, the system of economic and administrative measures introduced by the state to protect the national economy from the negative effects of internal and external market principles. Protectionism, by its very nature, has existed since the first nations were formed. The principles of this policy are theoretically based on the American statesman A. Hamilton (late 18th century) and the famous German economist F. Developed in the works of Liszt (mid-19th century). However, protectionism as a series of practical measures reached its climax during the totalitarian regime of the left (USSR) and right (“Third Reich” - Nazi Germany) political currents on our planet. In these countries, the trade sector was characterized by a state monopoly. As mentioned above, the main principle of international economic relations is the transition of a larger number of countries to a free trade policy that ensures an increase in the welfare of the population, but a process called “selective” restoration of protectionism is also observed. State regulation of foreign trade can take different forms. They can be divided into two main types, which differ significantly by the nature of their impact on commodity flows: economic and administrative. When using economic (also called tariff) methods, producers and consumers, first of all, determine the price ratio, and the quality of the export and import of goods and resources, and comply with the terms. When using administrative (respectively, non-tariff) methods of foreign trade regulation, the market mechanism is influenced by government bodies, whose decisions and actions determine largely the wishes of producers and consumers. Tariff methods affect directly the price of goods. These methods are the most common in foreign trade practices of countries because they allow solving three tasks at once: 1) fiscal - receiving additional funds for the budget;2) incentive - development of relations with foreign partners;3) protectionist – the creation of favorable conditions for national producers of goods. Among the methods of tariff regulation of foreign trade are customs duties, duties, levies, as well as other indirect taxes, e.g. excise duty. Non-tariff methods mean levers of influence on trade, that is, limitation of the volume and nomenclature of imported or exported products. They are more typical for countries with developing transitional economies that require protectionist economic policies from the government, where market structures are being formed. Non-tariff measures include quotas, licensing, export subsidies, dumping, cartel agreements, and the creation of technical barriers to the flow of goods between countries. The analysis of statistical information on countries and regions of the world shows that foreign trade is increased by the state Another feature of customs tariffs of developed countries is their correlation with the Harmonized System of International Commodity Description and Coding (UT), introduced in 1988. A characteristic feature of the customs policy of the group of developing countries is the wide use of export duties and the maintenance of relatively high import tariff rates (these rates reach an unprecedented level for developed countries - up to 50-100 percent, even higher in Egypt, Ecuador, Pakistan). Furthermore, most developing countries, unlike the US, Japan and European countries, are just transitioning from the old Brussels commodity nomenclature to the new STARS International University 33 Harmonized System. Therefore, some of them use multi-column tariffs (Senegal — 9, Mali — 17). Along with national tariffs, the integration of several countries into customs unions in the global economy is becoming widespread. Customs Unions practice various forms of interstate regulation of foreign trade, relying on the support of various regional and global international organizations. Customs duties are one of the most common methods of state regulation of foreign trade in the practice of foreign economic activity. Customs duty means a special monetary levy, a tax, which is collected when the goods cross the state border in its economic sense. The variety of forms of customs duties is explained by the extremely wide scope of their functions in the process of regulating commodity flows. Let us remind you that the main purpose of introducing customs duties is to increase the revenue part of the budget and fight against “unfair” competition. That is why this method of influencing trade is currently used in more than a hundred countries of the world. Depending on the direction of the flow of goods, there are import, export and transit duties. 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• Authors : Farrukh Madiev

Subjects: 1. No poverty

• Source: Новый Узбекистан: успешный международный опыт внедрения международных стандартов финансовой

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Domestic military missions in Latin America: Civil-military relations and the perpetuation of democratic deficits

• Authors : Nicole Jenne; Rafael Martínez

Subjects: Internal security; Latin America; Democratic governance

• Source: European Journal of International Security. 7:58-83

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Role of Education in relation with the Gross Domestic Product, Human Development Index and Poverty Rate in East Java

• Authors : Sukidin Sukidin; Wiwin Hartanto; Retna N Sedyati

Subjects: 8. Economic growth; 1. No poverty

• Source: AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan. 15

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Power Relations of Husbands and Wives Experiencing Domestic Violence in Dual-Career Families in Indonesia

• Authors : Siti Mas’udah

Subjects: H Social Sciences (General); 5. Gender equality; 05 social sciences

• Source: Millennial Asia. 14:5-27

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Social mining for sustainable cities: thematic study of gender-based violence coverage in news articles and domestic violence in relation to COVID-19

• Authors : Muhammad Asad Manzoor; Saeed‐Ul Hassan; Amina Muazzam

Subjects: Artificial intelligence; Economics; FOS: Political science

• Source: J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput

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Financing Relations Of MSME And Non-MSMEs, Number Of Syariah Bank Offices To Gross Regional Domestic Product

• Authors : Rahman El-Junusi; Zuhdan Ady Fataron; Darma Taujiharrahman

Subjects: 8. Economic growth; 1. No poverty

• Source: AL-ARBAH: Journal of Islamic Finance and Banking. 3:1-20

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ON THE RELATIONS AMONG CO2 EMISSIONS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ELECTRICITY USE, URBANIZATION, AND INCOME INEQUALITY FOR A SAMPLE OF 134 COUNTRIES

• Authors : Roberto J. Santillán-Salgado; Francisco Venegas-Martínez; Humberto Valencia-Herrera

Subjects: 13. Climate action; 8. Economic growth; 11. Sustainability

• Source: International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 10:195-207

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In Between Market and Charity: Child Domestic Work and Changing Labor Relations in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Istanbul

• Authors : Araz, Yahya; Kokdas, Irfan

Subjects: 8. Economic growth; 05 social sciences; 1. No poverty

• Source: International Labor and Working-Class History. 97:81-108

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Mapping Evidence of the Power Relations Between Domestic Workers and Their Employers in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Scoping Review Protocol

• Authors : Thobeka Ntini; Delarise Mulqueeny; Vishanthie Sewpaul

Subjects: 03 medical and health sciences; 0302 clinical medicine; 8. Economic growth

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