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Fig. 17. A. Lateral line absent. B in Phylogenetic relationships based on morphological data and taxonomy of the genus Salvadora Baird & Girard, 1853 (Reptilia, Colubridae)

• Authors : Hernández-Jiménez, Carlos A.; Flores-Villela, Oscar; Aguilar-Bremauntz, Aranzazú

Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia

• Source: European Journal of Taxonomy, 764(1), 85-118, (2021-08-25)

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Acrostichals absent; dorsal protrusion on distal part of TIX. C. lyalichi (Zorina, 2006) (Palaearctic) in A new species of the genus Cryptotendipes Beck et Beck, 1969 (Diptera Chironomidae) from India, with a world key to the males and tentative phylogenetic relationship

• Authors : Mukherjee, Bindarika; Mukherjee, Tuhar; Hazra, Niladri

Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia

• Source: Zootaxa, 4896(2), 201-223, (2020-12-21)

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Thordisa rubescens BEHRENS & HENDERSON, 1981 (FIGS 4 F, 21 - 23) Thordisa rubescens Behrens & Henderson, 1981: 120 – 124, figs 1 - 7, 13, 14. Type material Big Kelp Reef, Paradise Cove, Los Angeles County, California, USA, 17 October 1979, 67 mm preserved length, leg. R. Henderson (CASIZ 015860). Additional material Off Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California, USA., June 1989, one specimen, 47 mm preserved length, leg. R. Fay (CASIZ 068976). External morphology The background colour of the living animals is bright red-orange (Fig. 4 F). The dorsum is covered with gold flecks forming a halo around the branchial pit, a middorsal stripe and half crescents posterior to the rhinophores. The intensity of this pattern varies between individuals. In some specimens there are small black and opaque white spots. There is a black spot on top of the largest dorsal papillae. The rhinophores are orange to brown, with several irregular white spots and a white apex. The branchial leaves are the same colour as the dorsum. The whole dorsum is covered with soft and inflated papillae of various shapes and sizes (Fig. 21 D). The papillae are contracted when the animal is under stress (Behrens & Henderson, 1981), and are surrounded by irregularly protruding spicules. Some larger papillae are randomly distributed among the others. The rhinophoral and branchial sheaths have papillae similar to those on the rest of the dorsum. There are six tripinnate branchial leaves. The anal papilla is situated in the centre of the branchial circle of leaves. The rhinophores are elongate, having 20 lamellae in a 47 - mm preserved length specimen. Ventrally the anterior border of the foot is grooved and notched (Fig. 22 F). The oral tentacles are conical. Anatomy The posterior end of the glandular portion of the oral tube has six strong retractor muscles (Fig. 22 D) which attach to the body wall. The oval, muscular buccal bulb has two large additional muscles attached. Two short salivary glands connect with the buccal bulb at each side of the oesophageal junction. The buccal bulb is as long as the glandular portion of the oral tube. The labial cuticle is smooth. The radular formula is 39 ¥ 40.0. 40 in a 47 - mm long specimen. Rachidian teeth are absent. The lateral teeth are hamate and lack denticles (Fig. 21 A). The teeth from the middle portion of the half-row are larger than those closer to the medial portion of the radula (Fig. 21 B). The outermost teeth are smaller and have a number of small denticles (Fig. 21 C). The oesophagus is long and connects directly to the stomach. The ampulla is long and folded (Fig. 22 C). It branches into a short oviduct and the prostate. The oviduct enters the female gland mass near to its centre. The prostate is large and flattened. It has two different portions that are clearly distinguishable in colour and texture. The prostate connects with a long duct that expands into the ejaculatory portion of the deferent duct (Fig. 22 B). The penis is armed with a series of large hooks, which have a wide and flat base and a curved cusp (Fig. 23 A). The muscular deferent duct opens into a common atrium with the vagina. At the vaginal connection with the atrium there are two small accessory glands attached, and two small sacs each containing a short and irregular hard structure (Fig. 23 B). At its proximal end the vagina joins the bursa copulatrix. From the bursa copulatrix leads another duct connecting to the uterine duct and the seminal receptacle. The bursa copulatrix is oval in shape, about 15 times as large as the elongate seminal receptacle. Figure 21. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976), SEM images of the radula and dorsal papillae. A, inner lateral teeth; scale bar = 43 Mm. B, mid-lateral teeth; scale bar = 75 Mm. C, outer lateral teeth; scale bar = 75 Mm. D, dorsal papillae; scale bar = 250 Mm. Figure 22. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976). A, general view of the anatomy; scale bar = 1 mm. B, reproductive system; scale bar = 1 mm. C, detail of the ampulla; scale bar = 1 mm. D, lateral view of the buccal bulb; scale bar = 1 mm. E, central nervous system; scale bar = 1 mm. F, ventral view of the mouth area; scale bar = 1 mm. In the central nervous system (Fig. 22 E) the cerebral and pleural ganglia are fused and distinct from the pedal ganglia. There are three cerebral nerves leading from each cerebral ganglion and three pleural nerves leading from each pleural ganglion. There is no separate abdominal ganglion on the right side of the visceral loop. The buccal ganglia are near to the rest of the central nervous system, joined to the cerebral ganglia by two relatively long nerves. Gastro-oesophageal, rhinophoral and optical ganglia are present. The pedal ganglia are clearly separated, having two nerves leading from each one. The pedal and parapedal commissures are enveloped together with the visceral loop. Figure 23. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976), SEM images of several reproductive structures. A, penial hook; scale bar = 75 Mm. B, copulatory spine; scale bar = 100 Mm. The circulatory system (Fig. 22 A) consists of a large heart and two blood glands situated in front of and behind the central nervous system. Remarks This is a well-known species of Thordisa described from California by Behrens & Henderson (1981). It was included in the analysis because it is the only species described so far that has penial hooks. Other features of this species agree with the original description of the genus (see Behrens & Henderson 1981

• Authors : Valdés, Ángel

Subjects: Thordisa rubescens; Discodorididae; Mollusca

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Discodoris ketos FIGS 4 E, 19, 20) Tayuva ketos Marcus & Marcus, 1967 b: 192 – 194, figs 52 - 56. Type material LECTOTYPE (here designated): Playa Norse, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Mexico, 2 November 1963, 28 mm preserved length, leg. P. Pickens (USNM 678409). Additional material North of Gauiola, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico, 1 December 1953, one specimen, 42 mm preserved length, leg. L. O. Miles (CASIZ 081808). Las Cruces, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 25 January 1984, one specimen, 30 mm preserved length, leg. T. M. Gosliner (CASIZ 072843). External morphology The background colour of the living animals is pale grey (Fig. 4 E). The dorsum is covered with numerous rounded or oval dark brown patches, which are larger in the centre of the dorsum. There are a few darker patches, almost black, situated in two rows on both sides of the visceral hump and several opaque white spots irregularly distributed. The rhinophoral and branchial sheaths are low and surrounded by several white spots. The rhinophores are grey, with a number of small dark brown spots. The branchial leaves are also grey, having dark grey spots and white patches. The whole dorsum is covered with small, conical tubercles (Fig. 19 D). The largest tubercles are situated in the central region of the body. The rhinophoral and branchial sheaths have tubercles similar to those on the rest of the dorsum. There are six tripinnate branchial leaves. The anal papilla is situated in the centre of the branchial circle of leaves. The rhinophores are elongate, having 21 lamellae in a 30 - mm preserved length specimen. Figure 18. Discodoris zibethina (ZMUC GAS- 2112), SEM images of the radula, jaws and dorsal tubercles. A, inner lateral teeth; scale bar = 100 Mm. B, mid-lateral teeth; scale bar = 150 Mm. C, outer lateral teeth; scale bar = 100 Mm. D, jaw elements; scale bar = 30 Mm. E, dorsal tubercles; scale bar = 430 Mm. Ventrally the anterior border of the foot is grooved and notched (Fig. 20 E). The oral tentacles are short and conical. Anatomy The posterior end of the glandular portion of the oral tube has six strong retractor muscles (Fig. 20 C) which attach to the body wall. The oval, muscular buccal bulb has two large additional muscles attached; two long salivary glands connect with it at each side of the oesophageal junction. The buccal bulb is longer than the glandular portion of the oral tube. The labial cuticle is armed with a number of small rodlets (Fig. 19 E). The radular formula is 23 ¥ 32.0. 32 in a 42 - mm long specimen. Rachidian teeth are absent. The lateral teeth are hamate and lack denticles (Fig. 19 A). The teeth from the middle portion of the half-row are larger than those closer to the medial portion of the radula (Fig. 19 B). The outermost teeth are smaller and also lack denticles (Fig. 19 C). The oesophagus is short and connects directly to the stomach. The ampulla is very long and convoluted (Fig. 20 B). It branches into a short oviduct and the prostate. The oviduct enters the female gland mass near to its centre. The prostate is large and flattened. It has two different portions that are clearly distinguishable in colour and texture. The prostate connects with a long duct that narrows and expands again into the large ejaculatory portion of the deferent duct. The penis is unarmed. The muscular deferent duct opens into a large, common atrium with the vagina. The vagina is short. At its proximal end it joins the bursa copulatrix. From the bursa copulatrix leads another duct connecting to the uterine duct and the seminal receptacle. The bursa copulatrix is oval in shape, about three times as large as the elongate seminal receptacle. In the central nervous system (Fig. 20 D) the cerebral and pleural ganglia are fused and distinct from the pedal ganglia. There are four cerebral nerves leading from each cerebral ganglion and three pleural nerves leading from each pleural ganglion. There is no separate abdominal ganglion on the right side of the visceral loop. The buccal ganglia are near to the rest of the central nervous system, joined to the cerebral ganglia by two relatively long nerves. Gastro-oesophageal, rhinophoral and optical ganglia are present. The pedal ganglia are clearly separated, having two nerves leading from the left ganglion and three from the right one. The pedal and parapedal commissures are enveloped together with the visceral loop. The circulatory system (Fig. 20 A) consists of a large heart and two blood glands situated in front of and behind the central nervous system. Remarks Marcus & Marcus (1970 a) described the new subspecies Tayuva ketos juva from the tropical Indo-Pacific. The description, based on a single preserved specimen, is not complete and does not include detailed anatomical information. It is very likely that this description corresponds to a tropical species of Discodoris, rather than a subspecies of Discodoris ketos, which is probably restricted to the Panamic biogeographical region of the eastern Pacific Another subspecies of Discodoris ketos, Tayuva ketos gila, was described by Marcus & Marcus (1970 b) based on material from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Again, it is difficult to determine the identity of the preserved animals they saw, but it is unlikely that they belong to the same species. Marcus & Marcus 1970

• Authors : Valdés, Ángel

Subjects: Discodorididae; Mollusca; Gastropoda

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Distribution. WC & NE Mexico from C Jalisco on Pacific slope and S Tamaulipas on Gulf slope S through Central America (absent from Yucatan Peninsula, N Guatemala, and Belize), to Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago Is, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia; there is an extralimital record from S Arizona, USA, but this specimen might have been unintentionally imported. in Phyllostomidae

• Authors : Don E. Wilson; Russell A. Mittermeier

Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia

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Subspecies and Distribution. N. n. noctula Schreber, 1774 — throughout Europe from Great Britain, France, and Spain E to W Russia, W Kazakhstan, and SW Turkmenistan, including S Scandinavia, Gotland and Oland Is, and Cyprus (Cyprus records somewhat tentatively regarded as this subspecies). Absent throughout much of Iberia and is locally extinct in Portugal. N. n. lebanoticus D. L. Harrison, 1962 — WC & SW Syria, Lebanon, and NE Israel. N. n. mecklenburzevi Kuzyakin, 1934 — SC & E Kazakhstan, SC Russia, W Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and NW China (Xinjiang). The species may be present in N Africa, with two records claimed from Algeria in 1858, but these may represent N. lasiopterus; further sampling is needed. in Vespertilionidae

• Authors : Don E. Wilson; Russell A. Mittermeier

Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia

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Distribution. Endemic to S India (Kolar district, Karnataka), known only from type locality. Previously also on nearby Therahalli, where now absent. in Family Hipposideridae (Old World Leaf-nosed Bats)

• Authors : Monadjem, Ara; Soisook, Pipat; Thong, Vu Dinh

Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia

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Distribution. Widely distributed throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal in W to Ethiopia and Somalia in E, S to South Africa (but absent from most of Congo Basin), and N along Nile River through Sudan to Egypt and across to Israel and Jordan; there is an isolated population in Morocco and another one on W coast of Saudi Arabia along Red Sea S to Yemen. in Nycteridae

• Authors : Don E. Wilson; Russell A. Mittermeier

Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia

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Distribution. Endemic to S India (Kolar district, Karnataka), known only from type locality. Previously also on nearby Therahalli, where now absent. in Hipposideridae

• Authors : Don E. Wilson; Russell A. Mittermeier

Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia

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Distribution. Patchily distributed in W, C & E Africa, from Ghana E through parts of Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, and DR Congo to S Uganda; conspicuously absent from C Congo Basin, but occurs around the periphery. in Molossidae

• Authors : Don E. Wilson; Russell A. Mittermeier

Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia

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